b. ^ Greenland, the Faeroes The Faroe Islands, sometimes Faeroe Islands, Faroe, or Faeroes (Faroese: Føroyar, Danish: Færøerne) are an island group situated between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, approximately halfway between Scotland and Iceland. The Faroe Islands are a constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark, along with Denmark proper and and Iceland b. ^ Iceland, the Faeroes and Greenland were formally Norwegian possessions until 1814 despite 400 years of Danish monarchy beforehand were formally Norwegian possessions until 1814 despite 400 years of Danish monarchy beforehand. c. ^ = As of 2000: 410,449 km² (158,433 sq. miles) ice-free; 1,755,637 km² (677,676 sq. miles) ice-covered. Density: 0.14 /km² (0.36 /sq. mi) for ice-free areas.

d. ^ = 2001 estimate.

Greenland (Kalaallisut Greenlandic is an Eskimo-Aleut language spoken by about 57,000 people in Greenland and Denmark. It is closely related to the Inuit languages in Canada, such as Inuktitut. The main dialect, Kalaallisut or West Greenlandic, has been the official language of the Greenlandic autonomous territory since June 2009; this is a move by the Greenlandic: Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Kalaallit people"; Danish Danish (dansk, pronounced [d̥ænˀsɡ̊] ) is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages), a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. It is spoken by around 6 million people, mainly in Denmark; the language is also used by the 50,000 Danes in the northern parts of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany: Grønland)[4] is an autonomous An autonomous area is an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or freedom from an external authority. Typically it is either geographically distinct from the country or is populated by a national minority. Countries that include autonomous areas are often federacies. Autonomous areas can be divided into territorial autonomies, country A constituent country is a country that is part of a larger entity, such as a sovereign state or supranational body within the Kingdom of Denmark The Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, pronounced [ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊] , (archaic:) [ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊], or Danmarks Rige), or Danish Realm, is a constitutional monarchy and a community consisting of three autonomous parts: Denmark in northern Europe, the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic, and Greenland in North America, with Denmark as, located between the Arctic The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region, is the smallest, and shallowest of the world's five major oceanic divisions. The International Hydrographic Organization recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea, classifying and Atlantic Oceans The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about 106,400,000 square kilometres , it covers approximately twenty percent of the Earth's surface and about twenty-six percent of its water surface area. The first part of its name refers to the Atlas of Greek mythology, making the Atlantic the ", east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago The Canadian Arctic Archipelago, also known as just the Arctic Archipelago, is an archipelago north of the Canadian mainland in the Arctic. Situated in the northern extremity of North America and covering about 1,424,500 km2 , this group of 36,563[citation needed] islands comprises much of the territory of Northern Canada – most of Nunavut and. Physiographically Physical geography is one of the two major subfields of geography. Physical geography is that branch of natural science which deals with the study of processes and patterns in the natural environment like atmosphere, biosphere and geosphere, as opposed to the cultural or built environment, the domain of human geography, it is a part of the continent A continent is one of several large landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, with seven regions commonly regarded as continents – they are : Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia of North America North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and in the western hemisphere. It is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southeast by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the North Pacific Ocean; South America lies to the southeast. The largest island in Greenland is also named Greenland, and comprises most of the country's land area.

Greenland has been inhabited by Inuit The Inuit are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada, Denmark, Russia and the United States. The Inuit language is grouped under Eskimo-Aleut languages. An Inuk is an Inuit man or person peoples since 2500 BC. There were Norse colonies in Greenland from AD 986 until sometime most likely in the 15th century. In the early 18th century contact between Scandinavia and Greenland was re-established and Denmark established rule over Greenland.

In 1979 Denmark granted home rule In the United Kingdom, it has traditionally referred to self-government, or devolution or independence, of constituent nations , and at one point Ireland. In the United States and other countries organized as federations of states, the term usually refers to the process and mechanisms of self-government as exercised by municipalities, counties, or to Greenland, in a relationship known in Danish as Rigsfællesskabet Rigsfællesskabet is a semi-official Danish term for the relations between continental Denmark and its two self-governing insular regions, the Faroe Islands and Greenland, which collectively make up the Kingdom of Denmark. Rigsfællesskabet is not an official name for the Danish realm a par with the the Commonwealth of Nations (Commonwealth of the Realm), and in 2008 Greenland voted A non-binding referendum on Greenland's autonomy was held on 25 November 2008. It was passed with 75% approval and a 72% turnout. The referendum was announced by Prime Minister Hans Enoksen on 2 January 2008. Enoksen also announced the launch of an information and discussion campaign on the issue of self-government. This included town hall to transfer more powers to the local government. This became effective the following year, with the Danish royal government in charge only of foreign affairs, security and financial policy, and providing a subsidy of DKK The krone is the currency of the Kingdom of Denmark. The krone is pegged to the euro via the European Union's exchange rate mechanism. The plural of krone is kroner. The krone is divided into 100 øre, the singular form being the same as the plural. The ISO 4217 code is DKK; the domestic abbreviation is "kr.". Occasionally, the variants 3.4 billion (US$633m), or approximately $11,300 per Greenlander, annually.

Greenland is, by area, the world's largest island This is a list of islands in the world ordered by area. It includes all islands with an area greater than 2,500 km2 , and several other islands over 500 km2 (193 sq mi). For comparison, continental landmasses are also shown that is not a continent.[5] It is the least densely populated country in the world This is a list of countries and dependencies ranked by human population density, and measured by the number of human inhabitants per square kilometre or square mile. The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories based upon the ISO standard ISO 3166-1. The list also includes but does not rank unrecognized but de facto.[6]

Contents

Etymology

Look up greenland in Wiktionary Wiktionary is a multilingual, web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. Unlike standard dictionaries, it is written collaboratively by volunteers, dubbed "Wiktionarians", using wiki software, allowing articles to be changed by almost anyone with access to the website, the free dictionary.

The name Greenland comes from the early Scandinavian Scandinavia is a region in northern Europe that includes Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Modern Norway and Sweden form the Scandinavian Peninsula. The name Scandinavia is considered to have the same etymology as Scania. Finland is sometimes considered a Scandinavian country in common English usage, and Iceland and the Faroe Islands are sometimes also settlers. In the Icelandic sagas The Sagas of Icelanders —many of which are also known as family sagas—are prose histories mostly describing events that took place in Iceland in the 10th and early 11th centuries, during the so-called Saga Age. They are the best-known specimens of Icelandic literature, it is said that Norwegian-born Erik the Red Erik the Red (Old Norse: Eiríkr rauði; Icelandic: Eiríkur rauði; Norwegian: Eirik Raude; Danish: Erik den Røde; Swedish: Erik Röde; Faroese: Eirikur (hin) reyði) founded the first Nordic settlement in Greenland. Born in the Jæren district of Rogaland, Norway, as the son of Þorvaldr Ásvaldsson (Thorvald Asvaldsson), he therefore also was exiled from Iceland b. ^ Iceland, the Faeroes and Greenland were formally Norwegian possessions until 1814 despite 400 years of Danish monarchy beforehand for murder. He, along with his extended family and thralls Thrall was the term for a slave in Scandinavian culture during the Viking Age. They were the lowest in the social order and usually provided unskilled labor during the Viking era, set out in ships A ship ( Audio (help·info)) is a large vessel that floats on water. Ships are generally distinguished from boats based on size and cargo or passenger capacity. In traditional terms, ships were considered to be vessels which had at least one continuous water-tight deck extending from bow to stern. However, some modern designs for ships, and boats, to find a land rumoured to lie to the northwest. After settling there, he named the land Grœnland ("Greenland"), supposedly in the hope that the pleasant name would attract settlers.[7][8]

Greenland was also called Gruntland ("Ground-land") and Engronelant (or Engroneland) on early maps. Whether green is an erroneous transcription of grunt ("ground"), which refers to shallow bays, or vice versa, is not known. The southern portion of Greenland (not covered by glaciers) is green in the summer.

History

Main article: History of Greenland The history of Greenland is the history of life under extreme Arctic conditions: an ice cap currently covers about 80 percent of the island, largely restricting human activity to the coasts

Early Paleo-Eskimo cultures

In prehistoric times Prehistory is a term used to describe the period before recorded history. Paul Tournal originally coined the term Pré-historique in describing the finds he had made in the caves of southern France.[citation needed] It came into use in France in the 1830s to describe the time before writing, and the word "prehistoric" was introduced into Greenland was home to several successive Paleo-Eskimo The Paleo-Eskimo are the peoples who inhabited the Arctic region of North America before the rise of the modern Eskimo cultures across the region. Such groups include the Saqqaq culture of Greenland, the Independence I and Independence II cultures of northeastern Canada and Greenland, and the Dorset culture, which spread across Arctic North cultures known primarily through archaeological findings. The earliest entry of the Inuit into Greenland is thought to have occurred about 2500 BC. From around 2500 BC to 800 BC, southern and western Greenland was inhabited by the Saqqaq culture. Most findings of Saqqaq period archaeological remains have been around Disko Bay. From 2400 BC to 1300 BC the Independence I culture existed in northern Greenland. It was a part of the Arctic small tool tradition.

Around 800 BC, the Saqqaq culture disappeared and the Early Dorset culture The Dorset culture was a Paleo-Eskimo culture that preceded the Inuit culture in Arctic North America. Inuit legends mention the Tuniit (singular Tuniq) or Sivullirmiut ("First Inhabitants"), who were driven away by the Inuit. According to legend, they were "giants", people who were taller and stronger than the Inuit, but who emerged in western Greenland and the Independence II culture in northern Greenland. The Dorset culture was the first culture to extend throughout the Greenlandic coastal areas, both on the west and east coasts, and it lasted until the arrival of the Thule culture The Thule or proto-Inuit were the ancestors of all modern Inuit. They developed in coastal Alaska by AD 1000 and expanded eastwards across Canada, reaching Greenland by the 13th century. In the process, they replaced people of the earlier Dorset culture that had previously inhabited the region. The appellation "Thule" originates from the in 1500 AD. The Dorset culture population lived primarily from whale hunting. The Thule culture people are the ancestors of the current Greenlandic population. They started migrating from Alaska Alaska was purchased from the Russian Empire on March 30, 1867, for $7.2 million at about two cents per acre . The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959 around 1000 AD, reaching Greenland around 1300 AD. The Thule culture was the first to introduce to Greenland such technological innovations as dog sleds A dog sled is a sled pulled by one or more sled dogs used to travel over ice and through snow. Numerous types of sleds are used, depending on their function and toggling harpoons.

The Kingdom of Norway, circa 1300

Norse settlement

From 986 AD, Greenland's west coast was colonised by Icelanders b. ^ Iceland, the Faeroes and Greenland were formally Norwegian possessions until 1814 despite 400 years of Danish monarchy beforehand and Norwegians 83% of the population of Norway are members of the Christian Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway. Norway is highly secularized, and only about 10% of the population attend religious services more than once a month. The Norwegians in Norway are more secular than the Norwegians in the United States. Only 7 % of the poplation in North Dakota is in two settlements on fjords Geologically, a fjord (pronounced /ˈfjɔrd/ or /ˈfiː.ɔrd/) is a long, narrow inlet with steep sides, created in a valley carved by glacial activity near the southwestern-most tip of the island.[9] They shared the island with the late Dorset culture inhabitants who occupied the northern and eastern parts, and later with the Thule culture The Thule or proto-Inuit were the ancestors of all modern Inuit. They developed in coastal Alaska by AD 1000 and expanded eastwards across Canada, reaching Greenland by the 13th century. In the process, they replaced people of the earlier Dorset culture that had previously inhabited the region. The appellation "Thule" originates from the arriving from the north. Norse Greenlanders submitted to Norwegian rule in the 13th century As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 through 1300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian/Common Era. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages, and after its conquests in Asia the Mongol Empire stretched from Eastern, and the kingdom of Norway entered into a personal union with Denmark Denmark (pronounced /ˈdɛnmɑrk/ ; Danish: Danmark, pronounced [ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊], archaic: [ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊]) is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe and the senior member of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders in 1380 and from 1397 as a part of the Kalmar Union The Kalmar Union is a historiographical term meaning a series of personal unions (1397–1523) that united the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway (with Iceland, Greenland, Faroe Islands, Shetland, and Orkney), and Sweden (including a part of modern day Finland) under a single monarch, though intermittently and with a population less than 3,000,000.[10]

The settlements, such as Brattahlið Brattahlíð was Erik the Red's estate in the Eastern Settlement Viking colony he established in south-western Greenland toward the end of the 10th century. The present settlement of Qassiarsuk, about 5 km (3 mi) from the community of Narsarsuaq, is now located in its place. It is about 96 km (60 mi) from the ocean, at the head of a fjord, and, thrived for centuries but disappeared some time in the 15th century As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was the century which lasted from 1401 to 1500, perhaps at the onset of the Little Ice Age The Little Ice Age was a period of cooling that occurred after a warmer era known as the Medieval Warm Period. While not a true ice age, the term was introduced into scientific literature by François E. Matthes in 1939. It is conventionally defined as a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries, though climatologists and historians.[11] Interpretation of ice core An ice core is a core sample from the accumulation of snow and ice over many years that have recrystallized and have trapped air bubbles from previous time periods. The composition of these ice cores, especially the presence of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, provides a picture of the climate at the time and clam In the United States, "clam" can be used in several different ways: one, as a general term covering all bivalve molluscs. The word can also be used in a more limited sense, to mean bivalves which burrow in sediment, as opposed to ones which attach themselves to the substrate , or ones which can swim and are migratory, like scallops. In shell data suggests that between 800 and 1300 CE the regions around the fjords Geologically, a fjord (pronounced /ˈfjɔrd/ or /ˈfiː.ɔrd/) is a long, narrow inlet with steep sides, created in a valley carved by glacial activity of southern Greenland experienced a relatively mild climate several degrees Celsius Celsius is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death. The degree Celsius (°C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval (a difference between two temperatures higher than usual in the North Atlantic The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about 106,400,000 square kilometres , it covers approximately twenty percent of the Earth's surface and about twenty-six percent of its water surface area. The first part of its name refers to the Atlas of Greek mythology, making the Atlantic the "[12], with trees and herbaceous plants A herbaceous plant is a plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of the growing season to the soil level. They have no persistent woody stem above ground. A herbaceous plant may be annual, biennial or perennial growing and livestock being farmed. Barley was grown as a crop up to the 70th degree [13] What is verifiable is that the ice cores indicate Greenland has experienced dramatic temperature shifts many times over the past 100,000 years.[14] Similarly the Norse Book of Settlements records famines during the winters in which "the old and helpless were killed and thrown over cliffs". (Arnold 2010)

The last written records of the Norse Greenlanders are of a marriage in 1408 in the church of Hvalsey — today the best-preserved Norse ruins in Greenland.

These Icelandic settlements vanished during the 14th and 15th centuries, probably due to famine and increasing conflicts with the Inuit.[15] The condition of human bones from this period indicates that the Norse population was malnourished, probably because of

Jared Diamond suggests that cultural practices, such as rejecting fish as a source of food and relying solely on livestock ill-adapted to Greenland's (deteriorating) climate, resulted in recurring famine which led to abandonment of the colony.[11] However, isotope analysis of the bones of inhabitants shows that marine food sources supplied more and more of the diet of the Norse Greenlanders, making up between 50% and 80% of their diet by the 1300s.[16]

1500-1814

In 1500, King Manuel I of Portugal sent Gaspar Corte-Real to Greenland in search of a Northwest Passage to Asia which, according to the Treaty of Tordesillas, was part of the Portuguese area of influence. In 1501 Corte-Real returned with his brother, Miguel Corte-Real. Finding the sea frozen, they headed south and arrived in Labrador and Newfoundland.

However, after the Norse settlements died off, the area was de facto controlled by various Inuit groups; but the Danish government never forgot or relinquished the claims to Greenland that it had inherited from the Norwegians, and when contact with Greenland was re-established in the early 18th century, Denmark asserted its sovereignty over the island. In 1721 a joint mercantile and clerical expedition led by Danish-Norwegian missionary Hans Egede was sent to Greenland, not knowing whether a Norse civilisation remained there. The expedition can be seen as part of the Danish colonization of the Americas. After 15 years in Greenland, Hans Egede left his son Paul Egede in charge of the mission in Greenland and returned to Denmark where he established a Greenland Seminary. This new colony was centred at Godthåb ("Good Hope") on the southwest coast. Gradually, Greenland was opened up to Danish merchants, and closed to those from other countries.

Treaty of Kiel to World War II

Eventually, when the union between Denmark and Norway was dissolved in 1814 (Treaty of Kiel), the dependencies of Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands became part of the reorganised "Kingdom of Denmark".

Norway occupied and claimed parts of the then-uninhabited eastern Greenland (also called Erik the Red's Land) in July 1931, claiming that it constituted terra nullius. Norway and Denmark agreed to submit the matter in 1933 to the Permanent Court of International Justice, which decided against Norway.[17]

Greenland's connection to Denmark was severed on 9 April 1940, early in World War II, when Denmark was occupied by Germany. Greenland was able to buy goods from the United States and Canada by selling cryolite from the mine at Ivittuut. During this war, the system of government changed: Governor Eske Brun ruled the island under a law of 1925 that allowed governors to take control under extreme circumstances; Governor Aksel Svane was transferred to the US to lead the commission to supply Greenland. A sledge patrol (in 1942, named the Sirius Patrol), guarding the northeastern shores of Greenland using dog sleds, detected several German weather stations and alerted American troops who then destroyed them. After the collapse of the Third Reich, Albert Speer briefly considered escaping in a small aeroplane to hide out in Greenland, but changed his mind and decided to turn himself in to the United States armed forces.[18]

Greenland had been a protected and very isolated society until 1940. The Danish government, which governed Greenland as its colony, had been convinced that this society would face exploitation from the outside world or even extinction if the country was opened up. But wartime Greenland developed a sense of self-reliance through self-government and independent communication with the outside world.

However, a commission in 1946 (with the highest Greenlandic council, the Landsrådene, as a participant) recommended patience and no radical reform of the system. Two years later, the first step towards a change of government was initiated when a grand commission was established. A final report (G-50) was presented in 1950: Greenland was to be a modern welfare state with Denmark as sponsor and example. In 1953, Greenland was made an equal part of the Danish Kingdom. Home rule was granted in 1979.

Sovereignty

Especially during the Cold War, the United States developed a geopolitical interest in Greenland, and in 1946 the United States offered to buy Greenland from Denmark for $100,000,000, but Denmark refused to sell.[19][20]

Queen Margrethe II, Head of State of Denmark (including Greenland)

Greenland became an integral part of the Kingdom of Denmark in 1953. It was granted home rule by the Parliament of Denmark in 1979. The law came into effect on 1 May 1979. The Queen of Denmark, Margrethe II, remains Greenland's Head of State. In 1985, Greenland left the European Economic Community (EEC) upon achieving self-rule, in view of the EEC's commercial fishing regulations and a EEC ban on seal skin products.[21] A referendum on greater autonomy[22] was approved on 25 November 2008.[23]

On 21 June 2009, Greenland assumed self-determination with responsibility for self-government of judicial affairs, policing, and natural resources. Also, Greenlanders were recognized as a separate people under international law.[24] Denmark maintains control of foreign affairs and defence matters. Denmark upholds the annual block grant of 3.2 billion Danish kroner, but as Greenland begins to collect revenues of its natural resources the grant will gradually be diminished. It is a step toward full independence from Danish rule. Greenlandic became the sole official language of Greenland at the historic ceremony.[25][26][27][28] [29]

Politics

Main article: Politics of Greenland

Greenland's Head of State is currently Margrethe II. The Queen's government in Denmark appoints a Rigsombudsmand (High commissioner) representing the Danish government and monarchy.

Greenland has an elected parliament of thirty-one members. The head of government is the Prime Minister, who is usually the leader of the majority party in Parliament. The current Prime Minister is Kuupik Kleist.

As part of the realm of the Kingdom of Denmark, Greenlanders elect two representatives who sit in the Parliament of Denmark.

In 1985, Greenland left the European Community (EC), unlike Denmark, which remains a member. The EC later became the EU (European Union) when it was renamed and expanded in scope in 1992. Greenland retains some ties with the EU via Denmark. However, EU law largely does not apply to Greenland except in the area of trade.

Economics and business

About half of public spending on Greenland is funded by block grants from Denmark which in 2007 totaled over 3.2 billion kr. Additional proceeds from the sale of fishing licenses and the annual compensation from the EU represents 280 million DKK per year. Greenland's economy is based on a narrow professional basis with the fishing industry as the dominant sector with some 90% of its exports. In a few years, quarrying and tourism could complement the fisheries that depend on the changing prices of fish and fishing opportunities. The long-range divides the domestic market into many small units that have high operating costs. Most of the fish factories are owned by Royal Greenland.

One special thing about Greenland is that land ownership is not established.[citation needed]

Geography and climate

Main article: Geography of Greenland See also: Administrative divisions of Greenland, Territorial claims in the Arctic, Arctic shrinkage, and Climate of the Arctic#Greenland Geography of Greenland

The average[clarification needed] annual temperatures of Nuuk, Greenland vary from -9 to 7 °C (15.8 to 44.6 °F)

The Atlantic Ocean borders Greenland's southeast; the Greenland Sea is to the east; the Arctic Ocean is to the north; and Baffin Bay is to the west. The nearest countries are Iceland, east of Greenland in the Atlantic Ocean, and Canada, to the west across Baffin Bay. Greenland also contains the world's largest national park, and is the world's largest island and the largest dependent territory by area in the world. However, since the 1950s, scientists have postulated that the ice sheet covering the country may actually conceal three separate island land masses that have been bridged by glaciers over the last geologic cooling period.[30][31][32]

Southeast coast of Greenland.

The total area of Greenland is 2,166,086 km2 (836,330 sq mi), of which the Greenland ice sheet covers 1,755,637 km2 (677,855 sq mi) (81%) and has a volume of approximately 2,850,000 cubic kilometres (680,000 cu mi).[33] The highest point on Greenland is Gunnbjørn Fjeld at 3,700 metres (12,139 ft). The majority of Greenland, however, is less than 1,500 metres (4,921 ft) in elevation.

The weight of the massive Greenland ice sheet has depressed the central land area to form a basin lying more than 300 m (984 ft) below sea level.[34][35] The ice flows generally to the coast from the center of the island.

All towns and settlements of Greenland are situated along the ice-free coast, with the population being concentrated along the west coast. The northeastern part of Greenland is not part of any municipality, but is the site of the world's largest national park, Northeast Greenland National Park.

View of mountains on Greenland from the air

At least four scientific expedition stations and camps had been established on the ice sheet in the ice-covered central part of Greenland (indicated as pale blue in the map to the right): Eismitte, North Ice, North GRIP Camp and The Raven Skiway. Currently, there is a year-round station, Summit Camp, on the ice sheet, established in 1989. The radio station Jørgen Brøndlund Fjord was, until 1950, the northernmost permanent outpost in the world.

Southern Greenland scenery, near Nanortalik, where fjords and mountains dominate the landscape.

The extreme north of Greenland, Peary Land, is not covered by an ice sheet, because the air there is too dry to produce snow, which is essential in the production and maintenance of an ice sheet. If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft)[36].

Scoresby Sund in eastern Greenland, the longest fjord in the world.

Between 1989 and 1993, U.S. and European climate researchers drilled into the summit of Greenland's ice sheet, obtaining a pair of 3 km (1.9 mi) long ice cores. Analysis of the layering and chemical composition of the cores has provided a revolutionary new record of climate change in the Northern Hemisphere going back about 100,000 years, and illustrated that the world's weather and temperature have often shifted rapidly from one seemingly stable state to another, with worldwide consequences.[37] The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level at a faster rate than was previously believed.[38] Between 1991 and 2004, monitoring of the weather at one location (Swiss Camp) showed that the average winter temperature had risen almost 6 °C (11 °F).[39] Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6 cm or 2.36 in/yr between 1994 and 2005.[40]

However, a recent study suggests a much warmer planet in relatively recent geological times:

Scientists who probed 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) through a Greenland glacier to recover the oldest plant DNA on record said that the planet was far warmer hundreds of thousands of years ago than is generally believed. DNA of trees, plants and insects including butterflies and spiders from beneath the southern Greenland glacier was estimated to date to 450,000 to 900,000 years ago, according to the remnants retrieved from this long-vanished boreal forest. That view contrasts sharply with the prevailing one that a lush forest of this kind could not have existed in Greenland any later than 2.4 million years ago. These DNA samples suggest that the temperature probably reached 10 °C (50 °F) in the summer and −17 °C (1.4 °F) in the winter. They also indicate that during the last interglacial period, 130,000–116,000 years ago, when temperatures were on average 5 °C (9 °F) higher than now, the glaciers on Greenland did not completely melt away.[41]

Greenland bedrock

In 1996, the American Top of the World expedition found the world's northernmost island off Greenland: ATOW1996. An even more northerly candidate was spotted during the return from the expedition, but its status is yet to be confirmed.

In 2007, the existence of a new island was announced. Named "Uunartoq Qeqertoq" (English: Warming Island), this island has always been present off the coast of Greenland, but was covered by a glacier. This glacier was discovered in 2002 to be shrinking rapidly, and by 2007 had completely melted away, leaving the exposed island.[42] The island was named Place of the Year by the Oxford Atlas of the World in 2007.[43] Ben Keene, the atlas's editor, commented: "In the last two or three decades, global warming has reduced the size of glaciers throughout the Arctic and earlier this year, news sources confirmed what climate scientists already knew: water, not rock, lay beneath this ice bridge on the east coast of Greenland. More islets are likely to appear as the sheet of frozen water covering the world’s largest island continues to melt."

Some controversy surrounds the history of the island, specifically over whether the island might have been revealed during a brief warm period in Greenland during the mid-20th century.[44]

Topography

About 81% of Greenland's surface is covered by the Greenland ice sheet. The weight of the ice has depressed the central land area into a basin shape, whose base lies more than 300 metres (984 ft) below the surrounding ocean.[35] Elevations rise suddenly and steeply near the coast.[45]

Economy

Colorful houses dot the town of Ittoqqortoormiit. Public housing in Ilulissat Main article: Economy of Greenland

Greenland today is critically dependent on fishing and fish exports. The shrimp fishing industry is by far the largest income earner.[citation needed] Despite resumption of several interesting hydrocarbon and mineral exploration activities, it will take several years before hydrocarbon production can materialize. The state oil company NUNAOIL was created in order to help develop the hydrocarbon industry in Greenland. The state company Nunamineral has been launched on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange to raise more capital to increase the production of gold, started in 2007.

Mining of ruby deposits began in 2007. Other mineral prospects are improving as prices are increasing. These include uranium, aluminium, nickel, platinum, tungsten, titanium and copper.

The public sector, including publicly owned enterprises and the municipalities, plays a dominant role in Greenland's economy. About half the government revenues come from grants from the Danish government, an important supplement to the gross domestic product (GDP). Gross domestic product per capita is equivalent to that of the weaker economies of Europe.

Greenland suffered an economic contraction in the early 1990s, but since 1993 the economy has improved. The Greenland Home Rule Government (GHRG) has pursued a tight fiscal policy since the late 1980s which has helped create surpluses in the public budget and low inflation. Since 1990, Greenland has registered a foreign trade deficit following the closure of the last remaining lead and zinc mine that year. More recently, new sources of ruby in Greenland have been discovered promising to bring new industry and a new export to the country. (See Greenland Ruby).

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Greenland

Air transportation exists both within Greenland and between the island and other nations. There is also scheduled boat traffic, but the long distances lead to long travel times and low frequency. There are no roads between cities because the coast has many fjords that would require ferry service to connect a road network.[citation needed]Kangerlussuaq Airport on the west coast is the major airport of Greenland and the hub for domestic flights. Intercontinental flights connect mainly to Copenhagen.

In May 2007, Air Greenland initiated a seasonal route to and from Baltimore in the United States[46], but on March 10, 2008, the route was cancelled due to financial losses[47]. Air Iceland will begin operating a twice-weekly Keflavík-Ilulissat route in July 2009.[48] In addition to these routes there are scheduled international flights between Narsarsuaq and Copenhagen. Air Iceland operates routes between Reykjavík and Narsarsuaq, Ilulissat, Nuuk on the west coast and Kulusuk, Ittoqqortoormiit on the east coast.

Sea passenger and freight transport is served by the coastal ferries operated by Arctic Umiaq Line. It has only one round trip per week, taking 80 hours per direction.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Greenland

Greenland has a population of 57,637 (July 2010 estimate),[49] of whom 88% are Inuit or mixed Danish and Inuit. The remaining 12% are of European descent, mainly Danish. The majority of the population is Evangelical Lutheran. Nearly all Greenlanders live along the fjords in the south-west of the main island, which has a relatively mild climate.[50] Approximately 15,000 Greenlanders reside in Nuuk, the capital city.

Religion

Most Greenlandic villages have their own church.
Religion in Greenland[51]
religion percent
Christianity   96.6%
Non-religious   2.2%
Ethnic religions   0.7%
Others   0.5%

The major religion is Lutheranism and Greenlanders are very religious in contrast to the other Nordic people. 96.6% of the population are Christians and 2.2% are non-religious. Ethnic religions and other religions constitute 0.7% and 0.5% of the population. The New Testament was translated to Greenlandic from 1766 to 1893 and the translation of the whole Bible was completed in 1900.

Languages

Both Greenlandic (Kalaallisut) and Danish have been used in public affairs since the establishment of home rule in 1979, and the majority of the population can speak both languages. Greenlandic became the sole official language in June 2009.[52] In practice, Danish is still widely used in the administration, as a language of higher education, but also as the first or only language for parts of the population in Nuuk and larger towns. A debate about the role of Greenlandic and Danish in future society is ongoing.

Greenlandic

Main article: Greenlandic language

A majority of the population speaks Greenlandic, most of them bilingual, but some monolingual. The Greenlandic language is spoken by about 50,000 people. It is the most populous of the languages of the Eskimo-Aleut language family and has as many speakers as all the other languages of the family combined.

Within Greenland, three main dialects exist: Western Greenlandic or Kalaallisut, which serves as the official standard language, the northern dialect Inuktun or Avanersuarmiutut, spoken by around 1,000 people in the region of Qaanaaq, and the Eastern dialect Tunumiisut, spoken by about 3,000 people in eastern Greenland.[53] The dialects are hardly mutually intelligible and by some linguists considered to be separate languages. As the Western Greenlandic standard has become dominating, a UNESCO report has labelled the dialects as endangered, and measures are now considered to protect the Eastern Greenlandic dialect.[54]

Danish

Danish migrants, forming about 12% of the population, many of them filling positions as administrators, professionals, academics or skilled tradesmen, speak Danish as their first, or only, language. While Greenlandic is dominating in smaller settlements, a part of the population of Inuit or mixed ancestry, especially in towns, speaks Danish as their first language. In larger towns, especially Nuuk and in the higher social strata, this is a large group. While one strategy aims at promoting Greenlandic in public life and education, developing its vocabulary and suitability for complex contexts, this approach is labelled 'Greenlandisation' by opponents who do not wish to aim at Greenlandic becoming the sole national language.

English is taught in schools and widely mastered as a third language.[55] The country has a 100% literacy rate.[49]

Culture

An Inuit family in Greenland, 1917. Main articles: Culture of Greenland and Music of Greenland

The culture of Greenland has much in common with Inuit tradition, as the majority of people are descended from Inuit. People continue the Inuit tradition of ice-fishing and there are annual dog-sled races. Fishing by traditional methods has been increasingly replaced by the use of firearms and modern technology.

Sport

Football match in Uummannaq See also: Football in Greenland

Association football is the national sport of Greenland. The nation is not yet a member of FIFA because it cannot grow grass for regulation grass pitches. It is a member of the NF Board. [citation needed]

In January 2007, Greenland took part in the World Men's Handball Championship in Germany, finishing 22nd in a field of 24 national teams.

Greenland competes in the biennial Island Games, as well as the biennial Arctic Winter Games.

Notable people

The following are notable people from Greenland:

See also

Denmark portal
North America portal
Europe portal
Atlas portal
Main articles: Outline of Greenland and Index of Greenland-related articles

History:

Political:

Geography:

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Self-rule introduced in Greenland". BBC News. 2009-06-21. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8111292.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
  2. ^ Statistics Greenland, Greenland in Figures, 2010
  3. ^ United Nations Island Directory
  4. ^ Stern, Pamela (July 2004). "The Dictionary". Historical dictionary of the Inuit. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.. p. 89. ISBN 0810850583. OCLC 54768167.
  5. ^ Joshua Calder's World Island Info
  6. ^ The 2008 Revision Population Database
  7. ^ http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17946/17946-h/17946-h.htm Retrieved 12-Feb-2007
  8. ^ Þorgilsson, Ari. "Íslendingabók." from Íslendinga Sögur. Reykjavik: Sigurður Kristjánsson, 1891. p. 10, http://ia331434.us.archive.org/3/items/slendingasgu0104valduoft/slendingasgu0104valduoft.pdf Retrieved 29-May-2009
  9. ^ The Fate of Greenland's Vikings, by Dale Mackenzie Brown, Archaeological Institute of America, February 28, 2000
  10. ^ Boraas, Tracey (2002). Sweden. Capstone Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-7368-0939-2.
  11. ^ a b c Diamond, Jared M. (2006). Collapse: how societies choose to fail or succeed. Harmondsworth [Eng.]: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-303655-6.
  12. ^ Arnold C. Cold did in the Norse. Earth Magazine June 2010, pg 9.
  13. ^ http://www.amazon.de/gp/product/340652866X?ie=UTF8&tag=scieskepblog-21&linkCode=as2&camp=1638&creative=19454&creativeASIN=340652866X%22
  14. ^ Alley P, Mayewski P, Peel D, Stauffer B (1996). "Twin Ice Cores From Greenland Reveal History of Climate Change, More" (). Earth in Space 9 (2): 12–13. http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/eismayewski.html.
  15. ^ Inuit and Norsemen in Arctic Canada 1000 to 1400 AD
  16. ^ Arneborg, J.; Heinmeier, J.; Lynnerup, N.; Nielsen, H. L.; Rud, N.; Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Á. E. (2002). C-14 dating and the disappearance of Norsemen from Greenland. Europhysics news.
  17. ^ Legal Status of Eastern Greenland, PCIJ Series A/B No. 53 (1933)
  18. ^ Speer, Albert Inside the Third Reich 1971
  19. ^ "Deepfreeze Defense". Time Magazine. 1947-01-27. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,778870,00.html.
  20. ^ Miller, John J. (2001-05-07). "Let's Buy Greenland! — A complete missile-defense plan". National Review's National Political Reporter (National Review). http://www.nationalreview.com/nr_comment/nr_comment050701b.shtml.
  21. ^ Stern, 2004, pp. 55–56
  22. ^ Cowell, Alan (2008-11-26). "Greenland Vote Favors Independence". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/27/world/europe/27greenland.html. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
  23. ^ "Vejledende folkeafstemning om selvstyre ∙ 25-11-2008" (in Greenlandic). SermitValg. 2008-11-26. http://www.valg.gl/. Retrieved 2008-11-26.
  24. ^ http://www.amblissabon.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/EDC5978E-71C2-467E-974A-598A01EEA562/0/DraftActonGreenlandSelfGovernment.pdf
  25. ^ "Self-rule introduced in Greenland". BBC News. 2009-06-21. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8111292.stm. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
  26. ^ "Nearly independent day". The Economist. 2009-06-20. http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfm?story_id=13854765. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
  27. ^ "Greenland set for self-rule". The Australian. 2009-06-19. http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25659553-26040,00.html. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
  28. ^ Boswell, Randy (2009-06-19). "Greenland takes big step towards full independence". Canwest News Services. Canada.com. http://www.canada.com/news/Greenland+takes+step+towards+full+independence/1713910/story.html. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
  29. ^ Greenland on the Self-Rule-Road
  30. ^ San Francisco Chronicle: "Greenland's Huge Ice Sheet Is Melting Far Faster Than Scientists Expected"
  31. ^ Ellensburg Daily Record (Google News): Greenland Icecap Bridges Three Islands
  32. ^ U.S. Climate Emergency Council: "Greenland's Ice Sheet Is Slip-Sliding Away"
  33. ^ IPCC Climate Change 2001: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis
  34. ^ http://nia.ecsu.edu/ur/0708/07summerinterns/smith_cresis_greenland.ppt map (map on p. 4)
  35. ^ a b DK Atlas, 2001.
  36. ^ Greenland Melt May Swamp LA, Other Cities, Study Says
  37. ^ Alley, 2000
  38. ^ Roach, John (February 16, 2006). "Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says". National Geographic. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/02/0216_060216_warming.html. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
  39. ^ http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/87295.pdf
  40. ^ Satellite shows Greenland's ice sheets getting thicker The Register
  41. ^ Willerslev, E.; et al. (2007). "Ancient biomolecules from deep ice cores reveal a forested southern Greenland". Science 317 (5834): 111–4. doi:10.1126/science.1141758. PMID 17615355.
  42. ^ McCarthy, Michael (2007-04-24). "An island made by global warming". The Independent (London). http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/climate_change/article2480994.ece. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
  43. ^ Place of the Year
  44. ^ Arctic Explorer Rebuts ‘Warming Island’ Critique
  45. ^ Schneider D (2003). "American Scientist Online — Greenland or Whiteland?". Sigma Xi. http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/2003/9/greenland-or-whiteland. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  46. ^ Historical Maiden Flight US-Greenland — Official national guide by Greenland Tourism and Business Council
  47. ^ News — Air Greenland
  48. ^ Air Iceland to open new route to Ilulissat in 2009, The Official Tourism and Business Site of Greenland
  49. ^ a b "Greenland". CIA World Factbook. 2009-10-28. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gl.html. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
  50. ^ Greenland
  51. ^ Joshua Project
  52. ^ Effective on 21 June
  53. ^ Philippe Mennecier: Le tunumiisut, dialecte inuit du Groenland oriental : description et analyse, Collection linguistique, 78, Societé de linguistique de Paris, 1978.
  54. ^ "Sermersooq will secure Eastern Greenlandic" (in Danish). Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa. 2010-01-06. http://www.knr.gl/index.php?id=6700&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=51930&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=6702&cHash=b321fb7a1d. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
  55. ^ Greenland Representation to the EU, Greenland Home Rule Government

References

Wikinews has related news: Greenland assumes self rule Sunday

External links

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Government
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Administrative divisions of Greenland (since 2009)
Municipalities Kujalleq · Qaasuitsup · Qeqqata · Sermersooq
Unincorporated Areas Pituffik (Thule Air Base) · Northeast Greenland National Park
Dependencies of European Union states
Denmark

Faroe Islands · Greenland
France

Clipperton Island · French Polynesia · French Southern and Antarctic Lands (Adélie Land, Île Amsterdam, Crozet Islands, Îles Éparses, Kerguelen Islands, Île Saint-Paul) · Mayotte · New Caledonia · Saint Barthélemy · Saint Martin · Saint Pierre and Miquelon · Wallis and Futuna
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Aruba · Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten)
United Kingdom
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Countries and dependencies of North America
Several nations listed here straddle both North and South America or can also be considered Caribbean.
Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda · Bahamas · Barbados · Belize · Canada · Costa Rica · Cuba · Dominica · Dominican Republic · El Salvador · France (Guadeloupe · Martinique) · Grenada · Guatemala · Haiti · Honduras · Jamaica · Mexico · Nicaragua · Panama · St. Kitts and Nevis · St. Lucia · St. Vincent and the Grenadines · Trinidad and Tobago · United States
Dependencies
Denmark Greenland
France St. Barthélemy · St. Martin · St. Pierre and Miquelon · Clipperton
Netherlands Aruba · Netherlands Antilles
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United States Navassa Island · Petrel Islands · Puerto Rico · Serranilla Bank · U.S. Virgin Islands
International membership
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Former colonies
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Current overseas territories Faroe Islands · Greenland
See also Danish East India Company · Danish West India Company
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Denmark Greenland
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Clipperton Island · French Guiana · French Polynesia · Guadeloupe · Martinique · Mayotte · New Caledonia · Réunion · Saint Barthélemy · Saint Martin · Saint Pierre and Miquelon · Wallis and Futuna
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Italy Pantelleria · Pelagie Islands (Lampedusa • Lampione • Linosa)
Netherlands Aruba · Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire • Curaçao • Saba • Sint Maarten • Sint Eustatius)
Norway Bouvet Island · Peter I Island · Queen Maud Land
Portugal Azores · Madeira
Russia Russian Far East · Khabomai Rocks · Kuril Islands · Kunashir · Ratmanov Island · Sakhalin · Shikotan · Siberia
Spain Canary Islands · Ceuta · Melilla · Plazas de soberanía (Islas Chafarinas • Peñón de Alhucemas • Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera)
United Kingdom Anguilla · Bermuda · British Virgin Islands · Cayman Islands · Falkland Islands · Montserrat · Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha · Turks and Caicos Islands · British Antarctic Territory · British Indian Ocean Territory · Pitcairn Islands · South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
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Elsewhere

Adjara, Georgia · Åland Islands, Finland · Azores, Portugal · Crimea, Ukraine · Friuli – Venezia Giulia, Italy · Gagauzia, Moldova · Madeira, Portugal · Mount Athos, Greece · Nakhchivan,1 Azerbaijan · Sardinia, Italy · Sicily, Italy · Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Italy · Valle d'Aosta, Italy · Vojvodina, Serbia
Dependent territories

Akrotiri and Dhekelia,1 UK · Faroe Islands, Denmark · Gibraltar, UK · Guernsey, UK · Isle of Man, UK · Jersey, UK
1 Geographically part of , but having socio-political connections with Europe.
West Nordic Council
Faroe Islands • Greenland • Iceland
Nordic Council
Members Denmark · Finland · Iceland · Norway · Sweden
Associates Åland · Faroe Islands · Greenland
Former possessions of Norway
Medieval empire Faroe Islands · Greenland (Eastern- and Western Settlement) · Iceland · Mann and the Isles · Orkney1 · Shetland1
Mainland provinces Bohuslän · Härjedalen · Parishes of Idre and Särna · Jämtland
Modern era Erik the Red's Land2 · Sverdrup Islands2
1 Pawned as dowry security. 2 Not internationally recognised.
Climate of North America
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Antigua and Barbuda · Bahamas · Barbados · Belize · Canada · Costa Rica · Cuba · Dominica · Dominican Republic · El Salvador · Grenada · Guatemala · Haiti · Honduras · Jamaica · Mexico · Nicaragua · Panama1 · Saint Kitts and Nevis · Saint Lucia · Saint Vincent and the Grenadines · Trinidad and Tobago1 · United States
Dependencies and other territories

Anguilla · Aruba1 · Bermuda · British Virgin Islands · Cayman Islands · Greenland · Guadeloupe · Martinique · Montserrat · Netherlands Antilles1 · Puerto Rico · Saint Barthélemy · Saint Martin · Saint Pierre and Miquelon · Turks and Caicos Islands · United States Virgin Islands
1 Territories also in or commonly considered to be part of South America.

Categories: Former Danish colonies | Greenland | Northern American countries | Countries bordering the Arctic Ocean | Countries bordering the Atlantic Ocean | Danish-speaking countries | Dependent territories in North America | Danish dependencies | Former Norwegian colonies | Special territories of the European Union | Island countries | Islands of Greenland | Nordic countries | Regions of the Arctic | States and territories established in 1979 | Inuit territories | Proposed countries in North America

 

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'Greenland' News
Our Arctic Neighbors: Cairn gets Greenland's OK for 2 offshore wells - Petroleum News
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Our Arctic Neighbors: Cairn gets Greenland's OK for 2 offshore wells - Petroleum News
Fri, 18 Jun 2010 20:05:10 GMT+00:00
OK for 2 offshore wells Petroleum News On June 16, Greenland's Cabinet gave Cairn Energy approval to drill two wells offshore western Greenland along the Disko West portion of Davis Strait, ...
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'Greenland' Blogs
Two Men and a Greenland's Vast Meltwater Lake
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Two Men and a Greenland's Vast Meltwater Lake

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hu, 03 Jun 2010 15:00:59 GM

Given the proneness of . Greenland's. meltwater lakes "to draining unexpectedly and quickly," Tedesco and Steiner have used an unmanned research vessel, launched every morning to collect data. * Professor Marco Tedesco, a member of ISSNAF, ...

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Fri Jul 16 22:33:02 2010
'Greenland' Answers
The pitch at Nuuk Stadion in Nuuk Greenland is dirt, why not put some type of turf down, instaed of dirt?
Q. I know the reason they do not use grass is due to the fact there is a permafrost layer which envelops Greenland and thus will not allow the grass to grow. Why not use some type of turf there? Having a dirt pitch is why they are not allowed to have any international matches there.
Asked by dankohner1 - Thu Apr 17 00:40:53 2008 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments

A. It's probably due to costs, but yes, with the recent UEFA approval of FieldTurf pitches they could probably play FIFA international football. I think they should save up for it, but for countries like these it's hard to get money. Greenland are having a referendum on the level of their self autonomy in November 2008, independence from Denmark is unlikely, but more autonomy may lead to attention to this, and football autonomy. Interestingly I edited Football Manager 2008 to put Greenland and Gibraltar, which was interesting. Greenland, an issue would be whether to join UEFA or CONCACAF
Answered by Have I Got Muse For You - Sat Apr 19 21:22:23 2008

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