The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United States government's The federal government of the United States is the central government entity established by the United States Constitution, which shares sovereignty over the United States of America with the governments of the individual U.S. states. For official purposes in U.S. courts, the government is sued as the United States of America, and is referred to official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. Having a property on the National Register, or located within a National Register Historic District, could result in its eligibility for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred preserving the property.

The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act The National Historic Preservation Act is legislation intended to preserve historical and archaeological sites in the United States of America. The act created the National Register of Historic Places, the list of National Historic Landmarks, and the State Historic Preservation Offices (NHPA) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it. Of the more than one million properties on the National Register, 80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing members In the law regulating historic districts in the United States, a contributing property is any property, structure or object which adds to the historical integrity or architectural qualities that make the historic district, listed locally or federally, significant. Government agencies, at the state, national, and local level in the United States, within historic districts A historic district in the United States is a group of buildings, properties or sites that have been designated by one of several entities on different levels as historically or architecturally significant. Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-. Each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or through individual listings.

For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service The National Park Service is the U.S. federal agency that manages all national parks, many national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. It was created on August 25, 1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act (NPS), an agency within the United States Department of the Interior The United States Department of the Interior is the United States federal executive department of the U.S. government responsible for the management and conservation of most federal land and the administration of programs relating to Native Americans, Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians, and to insular areas of the United States. Its goals are to help property owners and groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation The National Trust for Historic Preservation is an American member-supported organization that was founded in 1949 by congressional charter to support preservation of historic buildings and neighborhoods through a range of programs and activities, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, they do provide some financial incentive to owners of listed properties. No protection of the property is guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics in the fields of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians.

Occasionally historic sites outside the country proper, but associated with the United States (such as the American Embassy in Tangiers The American Legation, located at 8 Zankat America in the old city of Tangier, Kingdom of Morocco, was the first American property outside of the US, commemorates the historic cultural and diplomatic relations between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Morocco) also are listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, and multiple property submissions (MPS). The Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties: building, structure, site, object, and districts. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties. Some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they come under the aegis Aegis is a large collar or cape worn in ancient times to display the protection provided by a high religious authority or, it is the holder of a protective shield signifying the same, such as a bag-like garment that contained a shield. Sometimes the garment and the shield are merged, with a small version of the shield appearing on the garment. It of the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks A National Historic Landmark is a building, site, structure, object, or district, that is officially recognized by the United States government for its historical significance. Out of more than 80,000 places on the National Register only about 2,430 are NHLs (NHL), National Historic Sites A national historic site is a designation that an area possesses national historical significance. It may confer protected area status on the site, but not necessarily. Such sites can range in size from small to complex, and may include physical evidence of the subject related to the history being commemorated. Designations are an acknowledgment (NHS), National Historical Parks A National Historical Park, National Historic Park, and National Historic Site are designations for protected areas of national historic significance, usually nominated by a governing body overseeing historic resources. Typically, these will have undergone scholarly research and been deemed to possess important sites or resources that tell, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials National Memorial is a designation in the United States for a protected area, that memorializes a historic person or event. National memorials are authorized by the United States Congress. The memorial is often not located on a site directly related to the subject and many, such as the USS Arizona Memorial, do not have the word "national", and some National Monuments A National Monument in the United States is a protected area that is similar to a National Park except that the President of the United States can quickly declare an area of the United States to be a National Monument without the approval of Congress. National monuments receive less funding and afford fewer protections to wildlife than national.[2]

Contents

History

George B. Hartzog, Jr. Director of the National Park Service from January 8, 1964 until December 31, 1972 [3] U.S. Secretary of the Interior (1977–1981) Cecil D. Andrus Cecil Dale Andrus is a former Secretary of the Interior and Democratic Governor of Idaho. He served a combined 14 years as governor (1971-77 and 1987-95) and as Interior secretary from 1977-81 during the Carter administration. Andrus lost his first gubernatorial election in 1966, but won four (1970, 1974, 1986, 1990) and served as governor longer removed the National Register from the jurisdiction of the National Park Service The National Park Service is the U.S. federal agency that manages all national parks, many national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. It was created on August 25, 1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act in 1978 Main article: History of the National Register of Historic Places The History of the National Register of Historic Places began in 1966 when the United States government passed the National Historic Preservation Act , which created the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Upon its inception, the U.S. National Park Service (NPS) became the lead agency for the Register. The Register has continued to grow

On October 15, 1966 the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPO).[4] Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Register's creation, as well as any other historic sites within the National Park system.[5] The passage of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy.[4][6] The 1966 act required those agencies to work in conjunction with the SHPO and an independent federal agency This is a list of agencies of the United States federal government, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation The Advisory Council on Historic Preservation is an independent agency of the United States government that promotes the preservation, enhancement, and productive use of the nation's historic resources, and advises the President and Congress on national historic preservation policy (ACHP), to confront adverse effects of federal activities on historic preservation.[7]

To encompass the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service under the U.S. Department of Interior, under director George B. Hartzog, Jr., established an administrative division called the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation (OAHP).[7][8] Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law. Ernest Connally was the Office's first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register.[9] The division oversaw several existing programs, including the Historic Sites Survey and the Historic American Buildings Survey The Historic American Buildings Survey , Historic American Engineering Record (HAER), and Historic American Landscapes Survey (HALS) are programs of the National Park Service established for the purpose of documenting historic places. Records consists of measured drawings, archival photographs, and written reports. They are currently managed by, as well as the new National Register and Historic Preservation Fund.[7]

The first official Keeper of the Register In the USA, the Keeper of the Register is a National Park Service (NPS) official, responsible for deciding on the eligibility of historic properties for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The Keeper's authority may be delegated as he or she sees fit. The State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) for each state submits was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian.[5] In the Register's earliest years during the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded.[8] Indeed, money was tight, but funds were still being supplied for the Historic Preservation Fund to provide matching grants-in-aid to listed property owners, first for house museums and institutional buildings, but later for commercial structures as well.[7]

A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U.S. National Parks The United States has 58 protected areas known as national parks. They are operated by the National Park Service, an agency of the Department of the Interior. National parks must be established by an act of the United States Congress. The first national park, Yellowstone, was signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1872, followed by system and the National Register were categorized formally into two "Assistant Directorates." Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation.[9] From 1978 until 1981 the lead agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service (HCRS) within the United States Department of Interior.[10]

In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs. Jerry L. Rogers was picked to lead this newly merged associate directorate. He was described as a skilled administrator, who was sensitive to the need for the NPS to work with SHPOs, academia, and local governments.[9]

Although not initially spelled out in the 1966 act, the role of the SHPO eventually became integral to the process of listing properties on the National Register. The 1980 amendments to the 1966 law further laid out the responsibilities of SHPO concerning the federal National Register.[10] Several 1992 amendments to the NHPA added a classification to the National Register, known as Traditional Cultural Properties, being properties associated with Native American or Hawaiian groups.[6]

The National Register of Historic Places has grown considerably from its beginnings as legislation in 1966. In 1986 citizens and groups nominated 3,623 separate properties, sites, and districts for inclusion on the National Register, a total of 75,000 separate properties.[10] Of the more than one million properties on the National Register, 80,000 are listed individually. Others are listed as contributing members In the law regulating historic districts in the United States, a contributing property is any property, structure or object which adds to the historical integrity or architectural qualities that make the historic district, listed locally or federally, significant. Government agencies, at the state, national, and local level in the United States, within historic districts A historic district in the United States is a group of buildings, properties or sites that have been designated by one of several entities on different levels as historically or architecturally significant. Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-.[7][11]

Property owner incentives

Properties are not protected in any strict sense by the Federal listing. States and local zoning bodies may or may not choose to protect listed historic places.[12] Indirect protection is possible, through state and local regulations on development of National Register properties, and through tax incentives.

Until 1976 tax incentives were virtually non-existent for buildings on the National Register. Before 1976 the federal tax code Tax law is the codified system of laws that describes government levies on economic transactions, commonly called taxes favored new construction over the reuse of existing, sometimes historical, structures.[7] In 1976 the tax code was altered to provide tax incentives that promote preservation of income-producing historic properties. The National Park Service was given the responsibility to ensure that only rehabilitations that preserved the historic character of a building would qualify for federal tax incentives. A qualifying rehabilitation is one that the NPS deems consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation. Properties and sites listed on the Register, as well as those located within and contributing to the period of significance of National Register Historic Districts, became eligible for the federal tax benefits.[7]

The Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama Birmingham is the largest city in the state of Alabama in the United States. It is the county seat of Jefferson County and includes part of Shelby County. According to a 2007 estimate, the city had a population of 229,800. The Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Area, as of the 2008 census estimates, has a population of 1,198,932. It is also the received a Save America's Treasures Grant in 2006.[13]

Owners of properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places or of properties found to be contributing elements to pre-existing National Register Historic Districts may be eligible for a 20% investment tax credit for the "certified rehabilitation of income-producing certified historic structures." The rehabilitation may be as commercial, industrial, or residential property, for rentals.[14] The tax incentives program is operated by the Federal Historic Preservation Tax Incentives program, which is jointly managed by the National Park Service, the individual SHPOs, and the Internal Revenue Service The Internal Revenue Service is the revenue service of the United States federal government. The agency is a bureau of the Department of the Treasury, and is under the immediate direction of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. The IRS is responsible for collecting taxes and the interpretation and enforcement of the IRC (Internal Revenue Code).[15] Aside from the 20% tax credit Within the Australian, Canadian, United Kingdom, and United States tax systems, a tax credit is a recognition of partial payment already made towards taxes due. A similar concept exists in the French tax system, for example in the Credit Impot Recherche. This situation arises, for example, when standard rate tax has been deducted at source (", the tax incentive program offers a 10% tax credit for rehabilitation to owners of non-historic, non-residential buildings constructed before 1936.[16]

Some property owners may qualify for grants as well, for instance the Save America's Treasures grants, which apply specifically to properties entered in the Register at a national level of significance or designated as National Historic Landmarks.[17]

The NHPA made no distinction between properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places and those designated as National Historic Landmarks concerning qualification for tax incentives or grants. This was deliberate on the part of the authors of the 1966 act. Their experience had shown that categories of significance caused the lowest category to become expendable.[5] Essentially, this reduced the Landmarks to little more than the "honor roll" of the National Register of Historic Places.[5]

Nomination process

“ It is hereby declared to be the policy of the United States Government that special effort should be made to preserve the natural beauty of the countryside and public park and recreation lands, wildlife and waterfowl refuges, and historic sites.[18] ”

— (49 USC The United States Code is a compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal law of the United States. It contains 50 titles and is published every six years by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives 303)

Any individual can prepare a National Register nomination, although historians A historian is an individual who studies and writes about history, and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all events in time. If the individual is concerned with events preceding written history, the and historic preservation Historic preservation or heritage conservation is a professional endeavor that seeks to preserve, conserve and protect buildings, objects, landscapes or other artifacts of historic significance. Other names for the discipline include urban conservation, landscape preservation, built environment conservation, built heritage conservation, object consultants often are employed for this work. The nomination contains basic information on the type of significance embodied in the building, district, or site.[19] The State Historic Preservation Office receives National Register nominations and supplies feedback to the nominating individual or group, which is accomplished via a standard nomination form. The SHPO sends each nomination to the state's historic preservation advisory board, which then recommends whether the State Historic Preservation Officer should forward it to the Keeper of the Register. Only the State Historic Preservation Officer may officially nominate a property for inclusion in the National Register. The nomination is sent to the National Park Service, which then approves or denies the nomination. If approved, it is officially entered by the Keeper of the Register into the National Register of Historic Places.[19] Owners also are informed of the nomination during the review by the SHPO. If an owner objects to a nomination, or in the case of a historic district, a majority of owners, then the property cannot be listed in the National Register of Historic Places.[19]

Criteria

The Robie House The Frederick C. Robie House is a U.S National Historic Landmark in the Chicago, Illinois neighborhood of Hyde Park at 5757 S. Woodlawn Avenue on the South Side. It was designed and built between 1908 and 1910 by architect Frank Lloyd Wright and is renowned as the greatest example of his Prairie style, the first architectural style that was, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 projects, which resulted in more than 500 completed works. Wright promoted organic architecture (exemplified by Fallingwater and Graycliff), was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture (exemplified by the Robie House,, is an example of a property listed under criterion C.[20]

For a property to be listed, it must meet at least one of the four National Register key criteria.[21] Information on architectural styles Architectural styles classify architecture in terms of form, techniques, materials, time period, region, etc. It overlaps with, and emerges from the study of the evolution and history of architecture. In architectural history, the study of Gothic architecture, for instance, would include all aspects of the cultural context that went into the, association with various aspects of social history Social history, often called the new social history, is a branch of History that includes history of ordinary people and their strategies of coping with life. In its "golden age" it was a major growth field in the 1960s and 1970s among scholars, and still is well represented in history departments. In two decades from 1975 to 1995, the and commerce, and ownership are all integral parts of the nomination. Each nomination generally provides a narrative section that describes the site or building in detail and justifies why it is historically significant. The National Register of Historic Places criteria fall into four categories.

To meet the "Event" category, criterion A, the property must make a contribution to the broad patterns of American history The first residents of what is now the United States emigrated from Asia over 15,000 years ago by crossing Beringia into Alaska. Archaeological evidence of these peoples, the ancestors of the Native Americans dates to 14,000 years ago. Criterion B, "Person," is associated with significant people in the American past. The third criterion, C, "Design/Construction," concerns the distinctive characteristics of the building through its construction and architecture, including having high artistic value or being the work of a master. The final criterion, D, "Information potential," is satisfied if the property has yielded or may be likely to yield information important to prehistory or history.[19] The criteria are applied differently for different types of properties; for instance, maritime properties have application guidelines different from those of buildings.[21]

Exclusions

There also are specific instances where properties usually do not merit listing on the National Register. As a general rule, cemeteries, birthplaces, graves of historical figures, properties owned by religious institutions or used for religious purposes, moved structures, reconstructed historic buildings, commemorative properties, and properties that have achieved significance in the last fifty years are not qualified for listing on the Register.[19] There are, however, exceptions to all the preceding; mitigating circumstances allow properties classified in one of those groups to be included.[19]

Listed properties

A typical plaque found on properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places An alternate series of plaques. Buildings on the National Register are often listed in local historic societies as well.

A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, site, building, or property. However, the Register is mostly "an honorary status with some federal financial incentives."[22] The National Register of Historic Places automatically includes all National Historic Landmarks A National Historic Landmark is a building, site, structure, object, or district, that is officially recognized by the United States government for its historical significance. Out of more than 80,000 places on the National Register only about 2,430 are NHLs as well as all historic areas administered by the National Park Service.[4] Besides Landmarks these include: National Historic Sites A national historic site is a designation that an area possesses national historical significance. It may confer protected area status on the site, but not necessarily. Such sites can range in size from small to complex, and may include physical evidence of the subject related to the history being commemorated. Designations are an acknowledgment (NHS), National Historical Parks A National Historical Park, National Historic Park, and National Historic Site are designations for protected areas of national historic significance, usually nominated by a governing body overseeing historic resources. Typically, these will have undergone scholarly research and been deemed to possess important sites or resources that tell, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials National Memorial is a designation in the United States for a protected area, that memorializes a historic person or event. National memorials are authorized by the United States Congress. The memorial is often not located on a site directly related to the subject and many, such as the USS Arizona Memorial, do not have the word "national", and some National Monuments. Occasionally historic sites outside the country's borders, but associated with the United States, such as the American Embassy in Tangiers The American Legation, located at 8 Zankat America in the old city of Tangier, Kingdom of Morocco, was the first American property outside of the US, commemorates the historic cultural and diplomatic relations between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Morocco, also are listed.[23]

Listing in the National Register does not restrict private property owners from the use of their property.[14] Some states and municipalities, however, may have laws that become effective when a property is listed on the National Register. If federal money or a federal permitting process is involved, Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 is invoked. Section 106 requires the federal agency involved to assess the impact of its actions on historic resources.[4] Statutorily, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation has the most significant role under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. The section requires that the head of any federal agency with direct or indirect jurisdiction over a project that may affect a property listed on the National Register of Historic Places, first must report to the Advisory Council. The head of said agency is required to "take into account the effect of the undertaking" on the National Register property, as well as to afford the ACHP a reasonable opportunity to comment.[24]

The tomb of Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site established on October 10, 1980, consists of several buildings surrounding Martin Luther King, Jr.'s boyhood home on Auburn Avenue in the Sweet Auburn historic district of Atlanta, Georgia. The original Ebenezer Baptist Church, the church where King and his father Martin Luther King, Sr. pastored, is in Atlanta, Georgia Atlanta is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia is part of a National Historic Site A national historic site is a designation that an area possesses national historical significance. It may confer protected area status on the site, but not necessarily. Such sites can range in size from small to complex, and may include physical evidence of the subject related to the history being commemorated. Designations are an acknowledgment and automatically listed on the National Register

While Section 106 does not mandate explicitly that any federal agency head listen to the advice of the ACHP, their advice carries weight practically, especially given the statutory obligations laid out in the NHPA that require federal agencies to "take into account the effect of the undertaking."[4][24]

In cases where the ACHP determines federal action will have an "adverse effect" on historic properties, mitigation is sought. Typically, a Memorandum of Agreement A memorandum of agreement or cooperative agreement is a document written between parties to cooperatively work together on an agreed upon project or meet an agreed upon objective. The purpose of an MOA is to have a written understanding of the agreement between parties (MOA) is created by which the involved parties agree to a particular plan. Many states have laws similar to Section 106.[25] In contrast to conditions relating to a federally Registered Historic District, often municipal ordinances governing local historic districts restrict certain kinds of changes to properties. Thus they may protect the property more than a National Register listing does.[26]

The Department of Transportation Act The title was enacted by Pub.L. 95-473, § 1, October 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1337; Pub.L. 97-449, § 1, January 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2413; and Pub.L. 103-272, July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 745 , passed on October 15, 1966, the same day as the National Historic Preservation Act, included provisions that addressed historic preservation. The language of the DOT Act is much broader than Section 106 NHPA in that it refers to properties beyond those listed on the Register.[24]

The broader language has allowed more properties and parklands to enjoy status as protected areas The term protected area describes a wide array of land and water designations, of which some of the best known are national park, nature reserve, wilderness area, wildlife management area and landscape protected area but can also include such approaches as community conserved areas. More importantly, the term embraces a wide range of different under this legislation, a policy laid out early in its history. The United States Supreme Court ruled in the 1971 case Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe that parklands could have the same protected status as "historic sites."[24]

Multiple Property Submission

A multiple property submission (MPS) is a thematic group listing in the National Register of Historic Places that consists of related properties that share a common theme and can be submitted as a group. Multiple property submissions must satisfy certain basic criteria for the group of properties to be included in the National Register.

The lodge and cabins at White Pines State Park, in Illinois United States migrant settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1810s; Illinois achieved statehood in 1818. The future metropolis of Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River, one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan. Railroads and John Deere's invention of the self-scouring steel plow made central, are part of a multiple property submission.

The process begins with the Multiple Property Documentation Form, which acts as a cover document rather than the nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. The purpose of the documentation form is to establish the basis of eligibility for related properties. The information outlined in the Multiple Property Documentation Form can be used to nominate and register related historic properties simultaneously, or to establish criteria for properties that may be nominated in the future. Thus, additions to an MPS can occur over time. The nomination of individual properties in an MPS is accomplished in the same manner as other nominations. The name of the "thematic group" denotes the historical framework of the properties. It is considered the "multiple property listing." Once an individual property or a group of properties is nominated and listed on the National Register, the Multiple Property Documentation Form, combined with the individual National Register of Historic Places Nomination Forms, constitute a Multiple Property Submission.[27] Examples of MPS include the Lee County Multiple Property Submission, the Warehouses in Omaha, the Boundary Markers of the Original District of Columbia, and the Illinois Carnegie Libraries. Before the term "Multiple Property Submission" was introduced in 1984, such listings were known as "Thematic Resources" or "Multiple Resource Areas."[28]

Types of properties

Clockwise from top left: a building, a structure Barnegat Light, colloquially known as "Old Barney", is located in Barnegat Lighthouse State Park on the northern tip of Long Beach Island, in the borough of Barnegat Light, New Jersey, on the south side of Barnegat Inlet, an object The San Jacinto Monument is a 567.31-foot high column located on the Houston Ship Channel in Harris County, Texas near the city of Deer Park. The monument is topped with a 220-ton star that commemorates the site of the Battle of San Jacinto, the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. The monument, constructed between 1936 and 1939 and dedicated and a site — all are examples of National Register of Historic Places property types See also: Property type (National Register of Historic Places) and Historic district (United States)

Listed properties generally fall into one of five broad categories, although there are special considerations for other types of properties that do not fit into any one, or into more specialized subcategories. The five general categories for National Register properties are: building, structure, object, site, and district.[21] In addition, historic districts consist of contributing and non-contributing properties.

Buildings, as defined by the National Register, are distinguished in the traditional sense. Examples include a house, barn, hotel, church, or similar construction. They are created primarily to shelter human activity. The term building, as in outbuilding, can be used to refer to historically and functionally related units, such as a courthouse and a jail or a barn and a house.[21]

Structures differ from buildings in that they are functional constructions meant to be used for purposes other than sheltering human activity. Examples include an aircraft, a grain elevator, a gazebo, and a bridge.

Objects usually are artistic in nature, or small in scale when compared to structures and buildings. Although objects may be movable, they generally are associated with a specific setting or environment. Examples of objects include monuments, sculptures, and fountains.

Sites are the location of significant events, which can be prehistoric or historic in nature and represent activities or buildings (standing, ruined, or vanished). With sites it is the location itself that is of historical interest. It possesses cultural or archaeological value regardless of the value of any structures that currently exist at the location. Examples of sites include shipwrecks, battlefields, campsites, natural features, and rock shelters.[21]

The Liberty Ship SS Jeremiah O'Brien, an example of a ship listed on the National Register. This ship is also a National Historic Landmark. Built in 1887, the White-Pool House is the oldest structure still standing in Odessa, Texas.

Historic districts possess a concentration, linkage, or continuity of the other four types of properties. Objects, structures, buildings, and sites within a historic district are united historically or aesthetically, either by choice or by the nature of their development.[21]

There are several other different types of historic preservation associated with the properties on the National Register of Historic Places that do not fall into the categories with simple buildings and historic districts. Through the National Park Service, the National Register of Historic Places publishes a series of bulletins designed to aid in evaluating and applying the criteria for evaluation against different types of properties.[21] Although the criteria are always the same, the way they are applied may differ slightly, depending upon the type of property involved. The National Register bulletins cover application of the criteria for aids to navigation, historic battlefields, archaeological sites, aviation properties, cemeteries, and burial places, historic designed landscapes, mining sites, post offices, properties associated with significant persons, properties achieving significance within the last fifty years, rural historic landscapes, traditional cultural properties, and vessels and shipwrecks.[21]

Limitations

Limitations of the NHPA are obvious when historic properties are destroyed, as when the Jobbers Canyon Historic District in downtown Omaha, Nebraska was demolished in 1987 to make way for a suburban-style corporate campus.[29]

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ National Register Information System, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
  2. ^ Federal properties can be proclaimed National Monuments under the Antiquities Act because of either their historical or natural significance. They are managed by multiple agencies. Only monuments that are historic in character and managed by the National Park Service are administratively listed on the National Register.
  3. ^ "National Park Service Directors and Directorate," Historic Listing of National Park Service Officials, National Park Service. Retrieved March 22, 2007
  4. ^ a b c d e National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, Public Law 102–575, National Register of Historic Places, Official site. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
  5. ^ a b c d Mackintosh, Barry. "The Historic Sites Survey and National Historic Landmarks Program: A History," (PDF), National Historic Landmarks Program, Official site. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
  6. ^ a b Ferguson, T. J. "Native Americans and the Practice of Archaeology," (JSTOR), Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 25. (1996), pp. 63–79. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Fisher, Charles E. "Promoting the Preservation of Historic Buildings: Historic Preservation Policy in the United States," (JSTOR), APT Bulletin, Vol. 29, No. 3/4, Thirtieth-Anniversary Issue. (1998), pp. 7–11. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
  8. ^ a b Scarpino, Philip V. "Planning for Preservation: A Look at the Federal-State Historic Preservation Program, 1966-1986 (in The Intergovernmental Politics of Preservation)," (JSTOR) The Public Historian, Vol. 14, No. 2. (Spring, 1992), pp. 49-66. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
  9. ^ a b c Bearss, Edwin C. "The National Park Service and Its History Program: 1864-1986: An Overview (in The National Park Service and Historic Preservation)," (JSTOR), The Public Historian, Vol. 9, No. 2, The National Park Service and Historic Preservation. (Spring, 1987), pp. 10–18. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
  10. ^ a b c Hertfelder, Eric. "The National Park Service and Historic Preservation: Historic Preservation beyond Smokey the Bear (in Commentary: How Well Is the National Park Service Doing?)," (JSTOR), The Public Historian, Vol. 9, No. 2, The National Park Service and Historic Preservation. (Spring, 1987), pp. 135–142. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
  11. ^ "About the National Register," National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
  12. ^ The state of Colorado, for example, is very clear that it does not set any limits on owners of National Register properties. See "National and state registers," at Colorado Office of Archeology & Historic Preservation
  13. ^ "2006 Federal Save America's Treasures Grants," (PDF), National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved April 12, 2007.
  14. ^ a b "What are the results of a listing?," National Register of Historic Places, Official site. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
  15. ^ "Historic Preservation Tax Incentives," Technical Preservation Services, National Park Service, Official site. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
  16. ^ About the Historic Preservation Tax Incentives, Federal Historic Preservation Tax Incentives, Technical Preservation Services, National Park Service, Official site. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
  17. ^ "Save America's Treasurers: FAQ" National Park Service. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
  18. ^ "Department of Transportation Act," (PDF), National Park Service, Official site. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
  19. ^ a b c d e f "Listing a Property: Some Frequently Asked Questions," National Register of Historic Places, Official site. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
  20. ^ "Robie House," (PDF), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h "How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation," (PDF), National Register Bulletins, National Park Service. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
  22. ^ "Strengths of Local Listing," Working on the Past in Local Historic Districts, National Park Service. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
  23. ^ American Legation, NHL Database, National Historic Landmarks Program. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
  24. ^ a b c d Gray, Oscar S. "The Response of Federal Legislation to Historic Preservation," (JSTOR), Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 36, No. 3, Historic Preservation. (Summer, 1971), pp. 314-328. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
  25. ^ "Section 106 Summary," Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, Official site, April 26, 2002.
  26. ^ "Federal, State and Local Historic Districts, National Park Service. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
  27. ^ Lee, Antoinette J. and McClelland Linda F. "How to Complete the National Register Multiple Property Documentation Form, (PDF), National Register Bulletin, National Park Service. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
  28. ^ "Multiple Property Submission List," National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
  29. ^ (1987) "Historic district at issue in Omaha," New York Times. 12/13/87. Retrieved 7/8/07.
Bibliography

External links

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The . National Register of Historic Places. has identified and documented approximately 8000 districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that are significant in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, ...

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'National Register of Historic Places' Answers
I live in a building that's on the National Register of Historic Places?
Q. The Name of the Building now is Puritan Apartments.When it was built the name was "The Puritan Hotel".It was built in 1917 it is now 2009.How old is this place? My math was not my best subject lol.
Asked by tony120366@yahoo.com - Tue Jul 21 00:55:49 2009 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments

A. 2009 - 1917 = 92
Answered by Mrs. SDB - Tue Jul 21 18:48:29 2009

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